step one.dos Semantic Affairs
Immediately after senses is known (and you will and in case they may be identified that have a reasonable amount of confidence), the sort of dating one is present between them has to be based. The preferred category out-of semantic relationships is provided about lifestyle out-of historic semantics, that’s, the fresh code accustomed determine synchronic relationships ranging from term significance are simply the same as the fresh new code used to describe diachronic changes of meaning. About greatest instance, when the experience good try synchronically related to sense b by the metonymy, then something off metonymy have acted diachronically to increase feel a towards feel b: diachronic mechanisms from semasiological transform reappear synchronically since semantic affairs certainly one of term definitions.
New desktop as well as the held points, and/or mouse plus the pointer, has actually a romance regarding genuine-industry connectedness that is usually captured by concept of ‘contiguity
The brand new five earliest items was specialty, generalization, metaphor, and you may metonymy (revealed right here, away from an effective diachronic perspective, due to the fact mechanisms jak použÃvat matchocean as opposed to synchronic interactions). In the example of semantic specialization, the meaning was a constraint of old definition: the fresh new meaning try a subcase of the old. Traditional samples of specialty is corn (in the first place a pay-title for everybody kinds of grains, today specialized so you can ‘wheat’ inside England, to help you ‘oats’ into the Scotland, and ‘maize’ in the united states), starve (moving away from ‘to die’ in order to ‘in order to pass away of hunger’), and queen (originally ‘wife, woman,’ now restricted to ‘king’s partner, or female sovereign’). Examples of generalization was moonlight (mainly the new earth’s satellite, however, extended to virtually any earth’s satellite), and French arriver (which in the first place required ‘to-arrive new river’s coastline, in order to embank,’ however, which now signifies ‘to-arrive good destination’ as a whole). There is lots out of terminological variation concerning specialty and you will generalization. ‘Restriction’ and you will ‘narrowing’ from definition equal ‘expertise,’ if you find yourself ‘extension,’ ‘schematization,’ and you may ‘broadening’ of meaning equivalent ‘generalization.’ In addition to, the fresh significance with it can be said to help you host interactions regarding taxonomical subordination otherwise superordination: inside the an effective taxonomy (a forest-for example hierarchical category) from axioms, the latest specialized meaning is using regarding the initial you to, while the latest general meaning is actually superordinate with regard to the first.
Such specialty and you will generalization, it’s easier and you may regular introducing metaphor and you will metonymy together with her, even though the relationships is not as close just as in the new previous few. (More on metaphor and you can metonymy uses from inside the area 1.six, “Abstract Metaphor and you may Metonymy.”) Metaphor will be allowed to be considering a love away from similarity between your old plus the the discovering, and you can metonymy to your a romance from contiguity. Latest computers terms and conditions returns examples of both sizes. The fresh new pc of the computer screen, for instance, is not the same as the new pc of your own work environment dining table-aside from in the two cases, it will be the place (a literal room in one single situation, a virtual one in the other) in which you updates a number of items that your continuously use otherwise you to urgently need attract. The device desktop computer, this basically means, isn’t virtually a desktop regarding the unique feel, but it have a working resemblance toward brand-new: the computer understanding are an excellent metaphorical expansion of one’s brand-new work environment chairs understanding. Practical parallels together with underlie metaphorical words such as for example store, clipboard, document, folder, cut, and paste. Mouse, concurrently, is even metaphorically motivated, but right here, the fresh metaphorical resemblance comes to shape in lieu of setting. However envision an announcement on feeling that the pc helps to keep your busy for the next 14 days, otherwise that you inquire aloud in which your own mouse has gone whenever you’re trying to to acquire brand new tip to your monitor. In these instances, desktop computer and you can mouse are utilized metonymically. On previous circumstances, it is really not the new digital area as a result that is relevant, but the items that are stored here. From the latter case, it’s not the brand new mouse as a result (the matter that you own in your hand) which you consider, however the pointer on the monitor that is work by the mouse. ‘ Whenever, for instance, you to products an entire bottle, this is simply not brand new bottles but quite simply its content that will be consumed: container are often used to relate to a particular particular basket, together with (spatially contiguous) items in that container. Whenever lexical semanticians declare that metonymical change derive from contiguity, contiguity should not be realized within the a narrow sense once the it comes down to help you spatial proximity merely, but alot more broadly as a broad title for different connections when you look at the the new spatial, temporal, or causal domain name.